Introduction
Domestic hot water flow rates have always been challenging to calculate, because we need to take into account the simultaneous parallel usage of hot water tapping points. Not all tapping points (like showers) will be use at the same time, so a so we need to take into account in each part of the system, the maximum probability, or the maximum DHW flow of simultaneous parallel tapping points.
These are defined in diversity standards. Most of these methods only account for simultaneous parallel flow rates, and not for simultaneous parallel power, because domestic hot water networks are mostly operated as single pipe / fixed temperature systems.
When carrying over these norms standards to the central heating system (HIU’s, heat exchangers, storage tanks, ….), the propagation and aggregation of diversity becomes very important!
This effect is amplified by the fact that central heating often operates at lower power but higher flow rates / smaller temperature delta and domestic hot water heat exchangers operate at higher power but lower flow rates.
We have extended the calculation to cope with diversified central heating and domestic hot water usage, and with combination of power needed in mixed systems.
Hereby we take some principles into account :
diversity is a kind of “statistic“ calculation, defining the maximum percentage of simultaneous DHW tappings
regime changing components introduce a difference in primary and secondary volume flow, and a difference in primary and secondary temperatures,
but they will not introduce a difference in primary and secondary diversity or primary and secondary power
Standards
Hysopt incorporates lots of diversity standards for DHW (DHW and CH which can be selected from the model settings.
On request we are happy to add new or additional diversity calculation methods in the Hysopt software.
DHW
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Based on the CIBSE CP1 2020 / Danish Code of Practice DS 439
Based on the Cibse CP1 2015 / Danish Code of Practice DS 439
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CH
Overview
To explain diversity and aggregation, we use following example model of 2 HIU’s.
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First of all, we make a distinction between the calculations within one dwelling, and the calculations over multiple dwellings.
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Example (outdated)
Consider a system of appartments, each having a satellite heat exchanger for instantaneous domestic hot water production. To keep the example simple, we assume each appartment to have a DHW heat load of 40kW with a temperature regime of 70°C / 30°C, and a 15kW central heating heat load, with a temperature regime of 70°C / 60°C. This results in following flow rates in relation to n. We use M for total mass flow.
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Q CH (kW)
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M CH (kg/s)
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Q DHW (kW)
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M DHW (kg/s)
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1
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15
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0.36
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40
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0.24
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2
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30
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0.72
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80
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0.48
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3
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45
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1.08
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120
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0.72
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4
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60
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1.43
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160
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0.96
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5
...
75
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1.79
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200
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1.19
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6
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90
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2.15
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240
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1.43
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7
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105
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2.51
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280
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1.67
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8
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120
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2.87
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320
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1.91
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9
...
135
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3.23
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360
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2.15
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10
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150
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3.58
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400
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2.39
Because all domestic hot water (DHW) units will never be active at the same point in time, we use a simultaneous flow rate for DHW, using the following formula:
m = a * M^b + c
with a = ..., b = ... and c = ...
Hysopt then computes a simulateous factor f = m_DHW/M_DHW. We then compensate for the central heating volume flow and power on units not in DHW mode, by computing the combined mass flow
m = f * M_DHW + (1-f) * M_CH
Simply taking the maximum of M_CH and f * M_DHW would result in a flow rate which is too low. For component selection and pipe sizing, the maximum of m and M_CH is used.
To give an indication of the regime and power associated with these simulataneous flow rates, we compute
Q = f * Q_DHW + (1-f) * Q_CH and Q sizing = MAX(Q_CH, Q)
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Q CH (kW)
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M CH (kg/s)
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Q DHW (kW)
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M DHW (kg/s)
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m DHW (kg/s)
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f (-)
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m total (kg/s)
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Q total (kW)
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m sizing (kg/s)
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Q sizing (kW)
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T return (°C)
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1
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15
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0.36
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40
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0.24
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0.17
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0.72
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0.27
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33
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0.36
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33
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48.0
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2
...
30
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0.72
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80
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0.48
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0.33
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0.69
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0.55
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64
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0.72
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64
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48.5
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3
...
45
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1.08
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120
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0.72
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0.43
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0.60
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0.86
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90
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1.08
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90
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50.0
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4
...
60
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1.43
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160
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0.96
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0.51
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0.53
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1.18
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113
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1.43
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113
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51.1
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5
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75
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1.79
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200
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1.19
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0.57
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0.48
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1.51
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135
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1.79
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135
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52.0
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6
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90
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2.15
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240
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1.43
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0.62
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0.43
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1.84
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155
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2.15
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155
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52.8
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7
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105
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2.51
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280
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1.67
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0.67
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0.40
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2.17
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175
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2.51
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175
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53.3
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8
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120
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2.87
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320
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1.91
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0.71
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0.37
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2.51
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194
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2.87
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194
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53.8
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9
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135
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3.23
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360
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2.15
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0.75
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0.35
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2.85
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213
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3.23
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213
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54.2
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10
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150
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3.58
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400
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2.39
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0.78
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0.33
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3.19
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232
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3.58
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232
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54.5
Graphs (outdated)
To clarify things further, we include some graphs for the combined flow rates and power. These graphs are for increasing domestic hot water power / flow rates at 70° / 30°C with a fixed power of 50kW heating at 70° / 60°C.
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Within a single dwelling
Step 1 : recalculation of the tapflows
Step 2 : calculation of the diversity factor and the diversity flow
Step 4 : aggregation of the DHW flow/power with the CH flow/power at CH side
Over multiple dwellings
Step 5 : propagate power, flows and temperature regimes over multiple dwellings and branches
Step 6 : aggregation of the DHW flow/power with the CH flow/power