The BTES 1.0 templates are divided into different types of regime temperature combinations for heating and cooling end-units. To clarify this aspect the different templates are the following.
LT heating + HT cooling
Working principle
The working principle of a geothermal system is divided into two main operating conditions, winter and summer. Of course, if there is both heating and cooling demand at the same time, both conditions are active.
Winter
In the winter, when there is heating demand, the heat pump will supply heating to the building. When the heating provided by the heat pump is insufficient, the boiler will deliver the remaining required heating. While the heat pump is delivering heat, it’s also extracting heat from the BTES system on the evaporator side. Extracting heat is the same as injecting cold, so in this operating condition the BTES system will cool down.
BTES 1.0
Heat Pump (HP)
Boiler
Low Temperature (LT) heating equivalent end-unit
Hot storage vessel
Cold storage vessel
Summer
In the summer, when there is cooling demand, the cooling stored in the BTES system (in the winter) will be used to cool down the building. If the delivered cooling from the BTES system is insufficient, the chiller will deliver the remaining required cooling. When cooling is extracted from the BTES system en supplied to the building, the BTES system will heat up, increasing its overall temperature.
BTES 1.0
Chiller
High Temperature (HT) cooling equivalent end-unit
Thermal balance soil
The soil temperature without an ATES or BTES system would be almost constant throughout the year. If an ATES or BTES system is used, and we start in January, the temperature of the soil would gradually drop in the winter months because heat is extracted from the soil (= injecting cold). In the summer months, the soil temperature will gradually rise because the cold is extracted from the soil to cool down the building. After the summer, the winter comes again, meaning the temperature will drop again. This is visualised in the figure below.
If the same amount of cold is extracted from the soil, as there is injected, the temperature at the end of the year would be exactly the same as in the beginning. This is called a thermally balanced soil.
However, if more cold is injected than there is extracted, the temperature would gradually drop every year. This is visualised in the graph below which shows the soil temperature in a 3-year simulation. In this case, the BTES is after a few years too cold.
The same thing can be said if the extracted cold is larger than the injected cold. The temperature will gradually rise every year.
A thermal imbalance of the soil reduces the system efficiency of the system because of the increasing thermal losses in the soil and the lowered SCOP value of the heat pump. It can even lead to a thermal breakdown of the system, meaning no cold can be injected or extracted anymore.
For this reason and others, more options are available in the template to give the user some strategies to make sure the thermal balance is met with an optimal system efficiency. The system with all options is visualised in the figure below.
BTES 1.0
Heat Pump (HP)
Boiler
Chiller
Low Temperature (LT) heating equivalent end-unit
High Temperature (HT) cooling equivalent end-unit
Hot storage vessel
Cold storage vessel
Dry Cooler (DC) used in different ways
To optimise the system, the user should first check if the BTES system cant deliver more cooling to the system than it already does, and check if the heat pump cant deliver more heating. So the first step is to optimise the heating and cooling contribution of the heat pump and BTES system. More information on hydraulic configurations can be found in Hybrid production Heating.
If for instance there is a lot of simultaneous heating and cooling, it might be more optimal to bypass the BTES system. In this case, the heating and cooling produced by the heat pump will both be used directly instead of using indirect cooling by first storing the cold produced by the heat pump inside the BTES system. Because less energy is stored in the BTES, the thermal losses decrease as well.
It is also possible to delete the chiller and use the heat pump as a chiller in the summer, by implementing a dry cooler on the condenser side of the heat pump. The heat pump will extract cooling from the ambient air and decrease its temperature to the required temperature for HT cooling.
After the system is optimised by increasing the BTES and/or the heat pump contribution, the thermal balance of the BTES system should be optimised. To clarify all the different options, the BTES system is deemed either too cold or too hot.
BTES too cold
If the BTES system is too cold the following things can be done:
If there is no dry cooler or any regeneration unit available, the heat pump can be limited in storing cooling inside the BTES system. This option is suboptimal because the heat pump is a preferable production unit. If the heat pump is limited, it won’t deliver anymore heating to the building, resulting in a lower heating contribution of the heat pump and a higher contribution of the boiler.
A dry cooler or any other regeneration unit can be used to release the excess cooling to the ambient air instead of storing it in the BTES system. In this case, the heat pump sort of works like an Air Source Heat Pump (ASHP) instead of a Ground Source Heat Pump (GSHP).
A dry cooler is used to release the excess heat stored in the BTES system when there is no cooling demand.
BTES too hot
If the BTES system is too hot the following things can be done:
If there is no dry cooler or any regeneration unit available, the BTES system can be limited in supplying cooling to the building. This option is suboptimal because the cold used from the BTES system is prefered over the produced cooling by the chiller. If the BTES system is limited, it won’t deliver anymore cooling to the building, resulting in a lower cooling contribution of the BTES system and a higher contribution of the chiller.
A dry cooler or any other regeneration unit can be used to deposit cooling from the ambient air in in the BTES system (which is the same as blowing away the excess heat inside the BTES system). Notice that implementing a dry cooler between the cold thermal store and the BTES system increases the flexibility of the installation because it can be used to prevent a BTES which is too cold or too hot.
A dry cooler in combination with the heat pump can be used to actively store cooling in the BTES system. The heat pump will extract cooling from the ambient air via the dry cooler, meanwhile supplying the cooling to store it in the BTES system.
If the dry cooler on the condenser side is combined with a BTES bypass, the BTES system can be limited meanwhile still delivering the necessary cooling.
A dry cooler can also be used to directly deliver the required cooling instead of the BTES system. This is only possible if the temperature outside is low enough to deliver the required cooling, which is in most cases almost never. In this case, cooling is required when the outside temperature is low enough to deliver 14°C. When the outside temperature is that low, cooling is seldom required.
The template is standardised with a boiler and a chiller, but it can easily be removed if it's not required. More information on BTES, heat pump, boiler and dry coolers can be found in:
Controls
Almost everything in the system is connected to the main programmable controller.
As a default, the controller will only make sure the basic working principle works, which is explained in the previous chapter “Working principle”. This means the user can delete every aspect that’s not necessary for their specific application, like the dry coolers, boiler, chiller, etc.
The following settings can be changed by the user in the programmable controller:
FlowrateHeatingLTmin = 1;
(= minimal flow rate for LT heating when heating demand is considered, in m³/h)FlowrateCoolingHTmin = 1;
(= minimal flow rate for HT cooling when cooling demand is considered, in m³/h)FlowrateHysteresisPercentage = 20;
(= hysteresis percentage above and below the minimal flow rate for heating and cooling, in % )TempBTESCold = 4;
(= minimal temperature of the BTES system, in °C)TempBTESHot = 18;
(= maximal temperature of the BTES system, in °C)TempBTESHysteresis = 2;
(= hysteresis temperature above and below the minimal and maximal temperature of the BTES system)StorageHotTopHPon = 60;
(= temperature at the top of the hot thermal store when the HP is activated, in °C)StorageHotBottomHPoff = 60;
(= temperature at the bottom of the hot thermal store when the HP is deactivated, in °C)StorageColdTopHPon = 2;
(= temperature at the top of the cold thermal store when the HP is activated, in °C)StorageColdBottomHPoff = 2;
(= temperature at the bottom of the cold thermal store when the HP is deactivated, in °C)TempHPcondenserHot = 80;
(= maximal temperature as safety for the HP, in °C)TempHPevaporatorCold = -5;
(= minimal temperature as safety for the HP, in °C)FlowrateHPevaporatorMin = 45;
(= minimal flow rate required as safety for HP, in m³/h)FlowrateHPcondenserMin = 15;
(= minimal flow rate required as safety for HP, in m³/h)HPdelay = 5;
(= time delay between deactivation and activation of HP, in min)TempBTESColdWithdrawMin = TempCoolingReturn - 2;
(= minimal temperature of the BTES system for activation BTES pump, in °C)TempBTESColdWithdrawMax = TempCoolingReturn - 1;
(= maximal temperature of the BTES system for deactivation BTES pump, in °C)
There are other setpoints at the cooling and heating end units (which are also an input for the programmable controller) which can be changed by the user. The setpoints are visualised with a “C” base circuit. More information on control base circuits can be found in Control library.
Above mentioned setpoints are necessary for the basic working principle. More settings are available but are only needed if some of the optional or regeneration strategies are activated. The activation can be done by changing the “0” to a “1” for the following strategies.
AEHotReleaseOn = 0;
(= activation for the dry cooler at the condenser side of the heat pump to release the excess heat, this also activates the ability of the heat pump to directly deliver cooling to the system)AEColdReleaseOn = 0;
(= activation for the dry cooler at the evaporator side of the heat pump to release excess cooling)AEColdSupplyOn = 0;
(= activation for the dry cooler to supply cooling available in the ambient air to the building)HPDirectHeatingCoolingOn = 0;
(= activation for the heat pump to directly and simultaneously deliver the produced heating and cooling to the building)AEColdDepositOn = 0;
(= activation for the dry cooler to deposit cold into the BTES system)AEColdWithdrawOn = 0;
(= activation for the dry cooler to withdraw cold from the BTES system)HPActiveColdDepositOn = 0;
(= activation for the heat pump to actively deposit cold into the BTES system with help from the AEHotRelease)BTESColdDepositLimitationHeatingOn = 0;
(= activation for the limitation of depositing cold into the BTES system in heating mode)BTESColdDepositLimitationHeatingCoolingOn = 0;
(= activation for the limitation of depositing cold into the BTES system in combined heating and cooling mode)BTESColdWithdrawLimitationCoolingOn = 0;
(= activation for the limitation of withdrawing cold from the BTES system in cooling mode)BTESColdWithdrawLimitationHeatingCoolingOn = 0;
(= activation for the limitation of withdrawing cold from the BTES system in combined heating and cooling mode)
Depending on the strategy the user wants to apply, one or more aspects should be activated. Check which components are active in every desired strategy and activate all these components with the settings above.
The specific settings for the different strategies are the following:
TempHPColdSupplyMin = CoolingSP - 1;
(= minimal temperature in the cold thermal store for activation HP active cold supply)TempHPColdSupplyMax = CoolingSP +1;
(= maximal temperature in the cold thermal store for deactivation HP active cold supply)StorageHotMiddleAEHotReleaseOn = 60;
(= temperature at the middle of the hot thermal store when the dry cooler hot release is activated, in °C)StorageHotTopAEHotReleaseOff = 60;
(= temperature at the top of the hot thermal store when the dry cooler hot release is deactivated, in °C)StorageColdMiddleAEColdReleaseOn = 2;
(= temperature at the middle of the cold thermal store when the dry cooler cold release is activated, in °C)StorageColdTopAEColdReleaseOff = 2;
(= temperature at the top of the cold thermal store when the dry cooler cold release is deactivated, in °C)BTESColdDepositLimit = 9999999999999999;
BTESColdWithdrawLimit = 9999999999999999;
AEColdDepositLimit = 9999999999999999;
AEColdWithdrawLimit = 9999999999999999;
HPActiveColdDepositLimit = 9999999999999999;
Notices/Remarks
HT cooling + HT and LT heating separate
HT cooling + HT and LT heating together
LT heating + LT and HT cooling separate
LT heating + LT and HT cooling together
HT and LT heating separate + LT and HT cooling separate
HT and LT heating together + LT and HT cooling separate
HT and LT heating separate + LT and HT cooling together
HT and LT heating together + LT and HT cooling together
